The Great Gatsby Vocabulary List

Minds, Brains, and Science by John R. Searle - 1815 Words

Functionalism remains, to this day, one of the most influential theories of the mind. While many facets of functionalism has been tested throughout the century, one of the more interesting questions came in the form of computers. Similarly to a human brain, could computers also think? This idea was explored by John R. Searle, in his book titled, Minds, Brains, and Science. The author is a renowned American philosopher, particularly in the philosophy of language and mind, and is currently teaching at the University of California, in Berkeley (â€Å"John R. Searle,† 2014). Searle earned his Ph.D. in philosophy at Oxford, and has made several contributions to his field on topics, such as consciousness, artificial intelligence, and the problem of free will (â€Å"John R. Searle,† 2014). His â€Å"Chinese Room† experiment is known as one of the main critiques to the concept of artificial intelligence. In Searle’s book, Searle describes his thought process into this experiment during the second chapter, titled â€Å"Can Computers Think?† Searle’s purpose of this chapter in the book is to explain his perspective on the idea that digital computers will never develop the capability to form thought processes, and that a concept such as artificial intelligence could never exist, because our mental states exist in a biological manner. He utilizes his â€Å"Chinese Room† argument to aid in the development of his objectives. Before Searle goes into any detail about the purpose of this passage, he introduces theShow MoreRelatedConsciousness: Our Portal to Fulfillment 977 Words   |  4 PagesHuman culture expands rapidly and our concept of consciousness is rapidly evolving with it. Philosophers have filled the void concerning the true nature of consciousness not yet determined by science. Despite the subjective nature of consciousness, perceived by many to be a personal and private aspect of human existence, neurobiologists are investigating and measuring objective characteristics of introspective reasoning and associated elements of morality. Most agree that consciousness is keyRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind And Matter1023 Words   |  5 PagesMind Matter Gilbert Ryle’s writing Descartes Myth provides a challenge to the â€Å"official theory† of the mind. The â€Å"official theory† of the mind is defined as the separation of the mind and body. Ryle describes the separation of the mind and body as the mind existing apart from the physical world and the body existing in the world. He writes that the two entities, the mind and body, combine to create a person. The â€Å"official theory† of the mind views the mind as private to the individual, meaningRead MorePsychology : Mind And Consciousness Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pages MIND AND CONSCIOUSNESS Name: Institution: Mind and Consciousness Questions Consciousness is the state of being aware of one’s environment and one’s own sensations and thoughts or in a nutshell, the state of being awake and aware of one’s surroundings. The mind on the other hand is the element of a person that gives them the ability to be aware of the world and their experiences, to feel and even to think. Scholars seek to explain the connection of the two by pointing out that consciousnessRead MoreCan Computers Think? Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pages2004). But is it appropriate to say that a human can be replaced by a computer? I believe that not all humans will be replaced by a computer, but I do think that a computer will be able to do many of the same things that a human can already do. John R. Searle and Alan Turing are two philosophers that I will be relating to in order to examine the likelihood of a computer being able to â€Å"think† or not â€Å"think† and I will look into how a computer and a human have more in common than what â€Å"humans† actuallyRead MoreTuring, Searle, and Artificial Intelligence1260 Words   |  6 Pagescapable of passing the Turing test, is being insulted by a 10 year old boy, whose mother is questioning the appropriateness of punishing him for his behavior. We cannot answer the mothers question without speculating as to what A.M. Turing and John Searle, two 20th century philosophers whose views on artificial intelligence are starkly contrasting, would say about this predicament. Furthermore, we must provide fair and balanced consideration for both theorists’ viewpoints because, ultimately, neitherRead MorePhilosophical Analysis : The Consciousness Mind 1345 Words   |  6 Pagesof view goes on to say that phenomenon’s such as the conscious is just byproducts of material substances interacting with one another. Materialist’s views for a long time were hard to rebuke. However, in 1996 David Chalmers wrote The consciousness mind, which d oes rebuke materialism’s very view. In his piece, he has people imagine a world exactly like the one conscious human beings inhabit, however in this world there are zombies, precisely human like zombies, that replicates the same conscious humanRead More Brain versus Mind By Logic,A Historically Irresolvable Debate2380 Words   |  10 PagesBrain versus Mind By Logic,A Historically Irresolvable Debate As computer and neuroscience technology progresses, the perceived role of the human brain grows ever more complex and seemingly more determinant as to what makes a person, a self. Research and development projects in both the fields of neuroscience and artificial intelligence add fire to the Mind versus Brain debate. Are the biochemical mechanics of the brain sufficient explanation for human behavior, or is there a â€Å"mind†Read More The Morality and Utility of Artificial Intelligence Essay4241 Words   |  17 PagesThe Morality and Utility of Artificial Intelligence Douglas R. Hofstadter, in his work Gà ¶del, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, remarks that one may contend that Artificial Intelligence is born of a machine’s ability to perform any task that had been previously confined to the domain of humans (601). However, a few sentences later, the author explains Tessler’s â€Å"Theorem† of progress in AI: â€Å"once some mental function is programmed, people soon cease to consider it as an essential ingredientRead MoreEssay on The Mind/Body Problem, Seen Through a Crisis2040 Words   |  9 PagesThe Mind-Body Problem seen through a Crisis The issue of the origins of consciousness has been a problem that has philosophers and scientists alike, puzzled for years. Is it a matter of science? Can it be explained through neurobiological processes or is it just something that simply cannot be reduced to words? Rene Descartes had struggled with this issue centuries ago, trying to explain this problem through his idea of substance dualism. This idea states that the mind and body are of two separateRead MoreThe Question Of Human Existence1776 Words   |  8 Pagesabout whether or not the mind is separable from the body. Renà © Descartes, often referred to as the father of modern philosophy, first questioned this idea. The 17th century French philosopher stood out for being an intense rationalist. Rationalism is the belief in knowledge by thinking reasonably, rather than emotionally. In a time when many philosophers backed up their arguments with religion, Descartes trusted in nothing more than logic. Due to rapid new discover ies in science, that were proving many

Theory Of Directing Mind And Will Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Theory Of Directing Mind And Will. Answer: Some basic principles for identifying corporate liability in relation to both criminal and civil wrongs committed by servants and Agents of the organisation are derived from the identification doctrine. With respect to this theory the mind's individually and collectively of one or more persons who direct and control the organisation are with respect tolaw the mind of the organisation itself. The Doctrine is therefore known as the theory of directing mind and will. The doctrine was initially developed from the case of Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd[1915] AC 705. The question in this case before the House of Lords was that whether a ship owner can be held liable for losses with respect to cargo because of one of its ships being negligently navigated. It was provided by the judges in this case that the actual fault is not only determined through the liability of agents and servants but also in relation to the liability of the organisation which can be held liable t hrough someone who's negligence can be identified as the action of the corporation itself. Following this case in the case of Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Co(Great Britain) Ltd[1916] 2 AC 307. It was confirmed by the judge that the place of residence of the company can be held as one where directing mind and will of the organisation controlled and operated its officers. In the case of El Ajou v Dollar Land Holdings plc[1993] EWCA Civ 4 the doctrine of directing mind and will was completely reshaped by the court. In this case it was provided by the court that any person can be a directing mind and will of the company in relation to different purposes. Therefore the basic principle of this theory is that anyone who is controlling and managing the company is regarded as the person who is directing mind and will of the company. Lifting the corporate veil or piercing the corporate veil is the doctrine which is used to make the duties and rights of the corporation be held as the duties and rights of the shareholders. It is a fact that the Identity of a corporation is totally different from its members and it is a separate legal person in the eyes of law. Therefore the losses and liability which is faced by the Corporation is only limited to the corporation itself and does not extend to its members. The concept about corporate veil was discussed in the landmark case of Salomon vASalomon Co Ltd [1896] UKHL. In this case it was provided by the court that if a company has not been formed with a purpose which is fraudulent in nature the corporate veil should not be lifted by the court. If the company is formed by a proper process of registration it has to be regarded as a separate legal person. In case the very purpose of the formation of the company was fraudulent then the court can lift or pierce the corporate v eil to hold its member personally liable to the losses caused to the predators of the company. In most countries the corporate veil of is lifted or pierced very rarely. In the famous case of Adams v Cape Industries plc[1990] Ch 433 it was provided by the court that true will piercing by the court can only be initiated when a company is made for fraudulent purpose or where an existing obligation is attempted to be avoided by its members. In the case of Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd[2013] UKSC 34. There was significant debate in relation to lifting the corporate veil in the interest of Justice has supported by the judges in the case. Bibliography Adams v Cape Industries plc[1990] Ch 433 Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Co(Great Britain) Ltd[1916] 2 AC 307 El Ajou v Dollar Land Holdings plc[1993] EWCA Civ 4 Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd[1915] AC 705 Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd[2013] UKSC 34 Salomon vASalomon Co Ltd [1896] UKHL